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[20170104] Hotplugging RAM - uvm_hotplug(9), the Xen balloon(4) driver and portmasters' FAQ
Adding and removing hardware components in operation is common in today's commoditized computing environments. This was not always the case - in the past century, one had to power down a machine in order to change network cards, harddisks or RAM. A major step towards changing a system's configuration at runtime for customers came with USB, but that's not where it ends - other systems like PCI support hotplugging as well.

Another area where changing of the system's configuration is the amount of Ramdom Access Memory (RAM) of a system. Usually fixed, this is determined at system start time, and then managed by the operating system's memory managent system. But esp. with today's virtualized hardware systems, even the amount of RAM assigned to a system can easily be changed. For example a VM can be assigned more RAM when needed, without even rebooting the system, leading to increased system performance without introducing swapping/paging overhead. Of course this required support from the operating system and its memory management subsystem.

For NetBSD, the UVM virtual memory system was now changed to support this via the uvm_hotplug(9) API, and a first user for this is the Xen balloon(4) driver. Quoting from the balloon(4) manpage, ``The balloon driver supports the memory ballooning operations offered in Xen environments. It allows shrinking or extending a domain's available memory by passing pages between different domains.''

The uvm_hotplug(9) manpage gives us more information on the UVM hotplug functionality: ``When the kernel is compiled with 'options UVM_HOTPLUG', memory segments are handled in a dynamic data structure (rbtree(3)) com- pared to a static array when not. This enables kernel code to add or remove information about memory segments at any point after boot - thus "hotplug".''

To answer more questions for portmasters who want to change their ports, Cherry G. Mathew has now posted a uvm_hotplug(9) port masters' FAQ. It covers questions on the background, affected files, and needed changes.

For more information on UVM, see Charles' Chuck' Cranor's PhD disertation on Design and Implementation of UVM (PDF) as well as his Usenix talk on the UVM Virtual Memory System (PS). There is also plenty of information available on Xen ballooning - check it out and share your experiences on NetBSD's port-xen mailing list!

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[20060216] Separating page replacement policy
If you have your flat already full of friends and another one arrives, whom do you send out to fetch beer? There are many ways to decide, and that problem is equivalent to the question of what piece of main memory ("page") to write to secondary storage ("swap space") so a program's need for more memory can be satisfied. There are many theories on what to do (least recently used, ...) that are subject to operating systems theory.

The implementation of the page replacement policy in NetBSD was closely tied to the virtual memory system of NetBSD, uvm.

Now, Yamamoto Takashi has started work on seperating the page replacement policy from the rest of the VM system, so different policies can be used easily. See his first mail for pointers to code and patches, and his second mail for more pointers on where to find information on the actual algorithms used.

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[20050513] Mention of NetBSD's UVM system in Tanenbaum's "Modern Operating Systems"
Rui Paulo has dropped me a note that NetBSD's new virtual memory handling is mentioned in chapter 4, "Memory Management" the 2nd international edition of Andrew S. Tanenbaum's "Modern Operating Systems":
    "... One recent exception [the author was stating in the previous sentence that research on VM systems "have largely died off"], however, is a redesign of the 4.4 BSD virtual memory system (Cranor and Parulkar, 1999)" (p. 262)
For those that don't know the book, it's THE book to look at for Operating System principles. Definitely very good for beginners on the topics, I'd recommend it even before specific books like the 4.4BSD book.

The paper found by Tanenbaum can be found here, Charles D. Cranor's dissertation on Design and Implementation of UVM is also available.

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